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Historical Evolution
The roots of the Indian Parliament can be traced back to ancient times when the concept of assembly or councils prevailed in various regions of the Indian subcontinent. However, it was during the British colonial rule that the formal structure of the modern Parliament was established. The Government of India Act, 1858, marked the beginning of representative governance, and the Indian Councils Act, 1892, introduced some elected members.
After a long struggle for independence, India finally gained freedom in 1947. The Constituent Assembly, with Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as its Chairman, played a pivotal role in framing the Indian Constitution, which laid the foundation for the parliamentary system in India. On January 26, 1950, India became a republic, and the first Parliament of India was established.
Structure of the Indian Parliament
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The Indian Parliament is a bicameral legislature, consisting of two houses: the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People).
1. Rajya Sabha: The Rajya Sabha is the upper house of Parliament and represents the states and union territories of India. It has a maximum strength of 250 members, of which 238 are elected by the state legislative assemblies and union territories, while the President nominates 12 members with exceptional expertise in various fields. The Rajya Sabha serves as a revising chamber, examining and suggesting amendments to bills passed by the Lok Sabha.
2. Lok Sabha: The Lok Sabha is the lower house of Parliament and represents the people of India. It consists of 545 members, where 543 members are elected directly by the citizens through general elections, and two members are nominated by the President to represent the Anglo-Indian community. The Lok Sabha plays a significant role in the legislative process, including the formation of the government, passing crucial bills, and holding the executive accountable.
Functioning of the Indian Parliament
The Indian Parliament functions under a parliamentary system, where the government is responsible to the Parliament and derives its authority from it. The President, who is the ceremonial head of state, summons the sessions of Parliament and addresses both houses at the beginning of each session. The sessions are held throughout the year and are divided into three sessions: Budget, Monsoon, and Winter.
The process of lawmaking in Parliament involves several stages. A bill can be introduced in either house and must pass through various readings, debates, and committees before it becomes law. Both houses have the power to introduce and amend money bills, but only the Lok Sabha can initiate a no-confidence motion against the government.
Significance of the Indian Parliament
1. Representation: The Indian Parliament is a platform where diverse voices from different regions, communities, and ideologies are represented. It ensures that the interests of all sections of society are taken into account while formulating policies and laws.
2. Legislative Power: Parliament holds the power to enact, amend, or repeal laws, making it the principal legislative authority in the country. The laws passed by Parliament shape the socio-economic and political landscape of India.
3. Executive Oversight: The Parliament performs a crucial role in overseeing the functioning of the government and holding it accountable for its actions. Ministers are answerable to Parliament for their decisions and policies.
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4. Budget Approval: The approval of the annual budget is a crucial function of Parliament. It ensures that government expenditures are authorized and that the revenue is allocated efficiently.
5. Constitutional Amendments: Parliament can amend the Constitution with a special majority, safeguarding the basic structure while allowing for necessary changes to suit the evolving needs of the nation.
Challenges and Future Prospects
The Indian Parliament faces numerous challenges, including legislative gridlock, disruptions during sessions, and the declining trust of citizens in the political process. To enhance its effectiveness, there is a need for parliamentary reforms, better coordination among political parties, and greater engagement with citizens.
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Conclusion
The Indian Parliament remains the bedrock of India's democratic fabric, where the hopes and aspirations of millions are voiced and translated into actions. As we move forward, strengthening this institution and upholding its values will be vital for the growth and progress of our great nation. The Indian Parliament stands as a testament to the power of democracy in shaping India's destiny, and it is our collective responsibility to preserve and nurture this sacred institution.
